Development in India has been lopsided and uneven. Despite best efforts, the government has been unable to contain inequality, poverty and unjust distribution of resources. A gaping difference exists between the two worlds of the haves and the have-nots. Underdevelopment and Naxalism in India focuses on the contradictions of the Indian democracy, the disparities, and the perpetual marginalization of the backward states, taking hypothetical stance that such disparities have adverse effects. One such menacing fallout has been the ‘Naxalite Movement’. This movement thrives on the dissatisfaction of the marginalized and alienated population. Starting out as a small peasant movement in Naxalbari, West Bengal, Naxalism is now a pervasive, violent, and lethal insurgency. This decades-old uprising of the poor, the oppressed, the landless, and the deprived has seen a host of changes, and now serious questions are being raised over its ideological roots. In the light of such tortuous social, economic, and political conditions, the contributing authors of this volume discuss underdevelopment and Naxalism at micro and macro levels – understanding, reasoning, and studying the nature of the issues and the circumstances. This intellectual and cogent discourse is an attempt to look for a solution to the contentious issue and brings to the forefront the dilemmas, the pain, and the resent of the deprived people.