Contents: 1. Technological Change and Labour Use in Agriculture. 2. Genetically Modified Cotton: Production Aspects. 3. Overview of Sample Characteristics and Challenges Faced in Cotton Cultivation. 4. Herbicide Tolerant Cotton: Awareness and Adoption. 5. Dynamics of Labour Use in Cotton Cultivation. 6. Performance of Bt versus HT Cotton: An Analysis of Costs and Returns. 7. Conclusions. References. The book explores current challenges faced by cotton farmers specially while doing the labour intensive operations in cotton cultivation, and assesses the potential socio-economic impact of the introduction of herbicide tolerant crops in India. Besides use of secondary and published data the objectives are met through a primary survey of cotton cultivators across Gujarat. Adopting the cost of cultivation framework, the study also engages in cross section comparison of production costs of cotton and net returns across size classes of farmers. The respondents were cultivators using both traditional Bt cotton hybrids and a type that incorporates an herbicide tolerance gene. The acreage under the latter crop is reportedly becoming widespread, albeit in stealth, due to reduced labour costs and certain non-pecuniary benefits and hence merits scrutiny by policymakers. It is expected that the findings of the study will serve as inputs for policymakers, researchers and other stakeholders to target investment to improve farmers’ welfare through technological change, while minimizing trade-offs.