Mineral Biotechnology is an emerging field of research with promising technological potential for mineral industries. Biotechnology has made significant progress in the biomineral processing for extraction of different metal values from a variety of ores and mining wastes. Application of biotechnology can be of industrial significance in bioleaching for metal extraction, bio-beneficiation of low-grade ores, bioremediation of contaminated soil, utilization of solid waste and treatment of effluent and wastewater for metal decontamination. The main advantages of biotechnological process lie in their economic viability and environmental friendliness. In all these processes Thiobacillus ferrooxidans play a key role with physiological characters, growth, development and efficiency contributing to the activity. Mineral biotechnology is a promising area for utilization of minerals, low-grade ores and other wastes in an ecofriendly and economic ways. An attempt has been made to discuss all these areas in this thesis.