Study of nanofluidics phenomena can occur indirectly via interface studies, nanoporous material, or nanometer-scale microdevices. When structures approach the size regime corresponding to molecular scaling lengths, new physical constraints are placed on the behaviour of the fluid. For example, these physical constraints induce regions of the fluid to exhibit new properties not observed in bulk, e.g. vastly increased viscosity near the pore wall; they may effect changes in thermodynamic properties and may also alter the chemical reactivity of species at the fluid-solid interface. A particularly relevant and useful example is displayed by electrolyte solutions confined in nanopores that contain surface charges, i.e. at electrified interfaces, as shown in the nanocapillary array membrane (NCAM) in the accompanying figure.