'The Parasite-Faunas included in the present book, are animal parasites (invertebrates), parasitic on different Invertebrates, Vertebrates, Humans and Plants ( wild, cultivated ). The parasite species belonging to various Phyla of animal Kingdom are, viz. Amoebozoa, Ciliophora, Euglenozoa, Metamonada (protozoans), Cnidaria, Apicomplexa, Platyheminthes, Nematoda, Acanthocephala, Annelida (leeches), Pentastomida and Arthropoda(crustaceans, insects, ticks, mites). These parasites of diverse groups, are known to parasitize arthropods, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals, besides humans and plants, prevalent in vast and wide areas, and localities of Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh Himalayan regions. The diversity, impact, and importance of umpteen parasite species, associated with varied hosts, pertaining to the Himalayan regions are, as Zoogeographically important and biodiversity Read more Table of Contents Preface v 1. Parasitic Protozoans, Apicomplexans and Cnidarians 1 1.1 Insect Parasites (Microsporidians, Euglenozoans and Apicomplexans) 7 1.2 Fish Parasites 9 1.2.1 Protozoan Parasites 9 1.2.2 Apicomplexan and Cnidarian Parasites 10 1.3 Bird (Wild) Parasites 10 1.4 Protozoan and Apicomplexan Parasites of Medical Importance 12 1.4.1 Amoebiasis 12 1.4.2 Human Leishmaniasis (Visceral and Cutaneous) 13 1.4.3 Human Giardiasis 14 1.4.4 Human Trichomoniasis 15 1.4.5 Human Malaria 15 1.4.6 Human Cryptosporidiosis 17 1.4.7 Human Toxoplasmosis 17 1.5 Protozoans of Veterinary Importance 18 1.5.1 Animal Trypanosomiasis 19 1.5.2 Animal Giardiasis, Trichomoniasis and Histomoniasis 19 xii 1.6 Apicomplexan of Veterinary Importance 20 1.6.1 Babesia spp. and Theileria spp. 20 1.6.2 Animal Cryptosporidiosis 21 1.6.3 Toxoplasma sp., Cystoisopora sp., Sarcocystis sp. and Hepatozoon canis 21 1.6.4 Eimeria spp., Animal and Poultry Coccidiosis 22 2. Platyhelminthes (Trematodes and Cestodes) 25 2.1 Trematode Parasites 25 2.1.1 General Account and Species Diversity 25 2.1.2 Molluscan and Fish Trematodes 26 2.1.3 Amphibian (Frog and toads) Trematode Parasites 31 2.1.4 Bird (Wild and Poultry) Trematode Parasites 34 2.1.5 Mammals (Bat, Domestic Animals and Wild Mammals Trematodes 39 2.1.6 Highly Prevalent Trematode Parasites of Veterinary Importance 41 2.2 Cestode Parasites 43 2.2.1 Fish, Amphibians, Reptile and Bird Cestodes 44 2.2.2 Wild and Domestic Animal Cestodes 49 2.2.3 Highly Prevalent Cestode Parasites of Veterinary Importance 50 2.2.4 Highly Prevalent Cestode Parasites of Medical Importance 54 3. Parasitic Nematodes (Animals and Humans) 63 3.1 Prevalence, Species Richness and Host Diversity 63 3.1.1 Insect Nematodes 64 3.1.2 Fish Nematodes 64 3.1.3 Amphibians and Reptilian Nematodes 66 3.1.4 Birds (Wild and Poultry) Nematodes 66 3.1.5 Rat, Shrew, Bat, Cat and Dog Nematodes 67 3.1.6 Ovine and Caprine Nematodes 68 3.1.7 Bovid Nematodes 69 3.1.8 Equine and Yak (Bos grunniens) Nematodes 70 3.1.9 Hangul (Kashmir Stag), Black Bear and Fox Nematodes 70 3.2 Widely and Highly Prevalent Nematode Parasite Diseases of Veterinary Importance 71 3.2.1 Ascariasis (Sheep) 71 3.2.2 Hookworm Diseases (Ancylostomiasis, Bunostomumiasis and Gaigeriasis) 71 xiii 3.2.3 Lungworm Diseases (Dictyocaulus spp.) (Dictyocaulosis); Mullerius, Protostrongylus and Varestrongylus 71 3.2.4 Nodular Worm Disease (Oesophagostomiasis) (Oesophagostomum spp.) 73 3.2.5 Brown Stomach Worms: Ostertagia (Oestertagiasis) and Teladorsagia circumcincta 73 3.2.6 Haemonchosis (Haemonchus contortus, Haemonchus sp.) 74 3.2.7 Chabertiasis (Chabertia ovina, Chabertia sp.) 74 3.2.8 Nematodiriasis (Nematodirus spathiger and Nematodirus sp.) 74 3.2 9 Strongylosis (Strongyles/Strongyls, Strongylus, Triodontophorus) and Cyathostomiasis (Cyathostomum) 75 3.2.10 Strongyloidiasis (Strongyloides sp.) 75 3.2.11 Trichuriasis (Trichuris ovis and Trichuris sp.) 76 3.2.12 Trichostrongyliasis (Trichostrongylus) and Marshallegia spp. 76 3.2.13 Toxocariasis (Toxocara canis, T. vitulorum) 77 3.2.14 Ascardiasis (Aascardia galli) 77 3.2.15 Baylisascariasis (Baylisascaris) 78 3.2.16 Gongylonemiasis (Gongylonema) 78 3.2.17 Oxyuriasis (Oxyuris sp.) 78 3.2.18 Parascariasis (Parascaris sp.) 78 3.2.19 Capillariasis (Capillaria sp.) 78 3.2.20 Heterakiasis (Heterakis gallinarum) 79 3.2.21 Setariasis (Setaria digitata, S. equina) and Thelaziasis (Thelazia) 79 3.3 Highly Prevalent Nematode Parasites of Medical Importance 79 3.3.1 Ancylostoma duodenale (Human Ancylostomiasis) 79 3.3.2 Ascaris lumbricoides (Ascariasis) 80 3.3.3 Enterobius vermicularis (Enterobiasis) (Human Pin Worm) 81 3.3.4 Human Toxocariasis (Toxocara canis/T. cati) 82 3.3.5 Trichuris trichiura (Human whipworm) Trichuriasis 82 4. Catalogue on Prevalence of Helminths of Medical and Veterinary Importance 95 4.1 Distribution Prevalence and, High Infection in Age Group and Gender Due to Helminth Parasites (Nematodes, Cestodes, Trematodes) 95 4.1.1 Nematodes of Medical Importance 95 4.1.2 Cestodes of Medical Importance 97 4.1.3 Nematodes of Veterinary Importance 99 4.1.4 Trematodes of Veterinary Importance 105 4.1.5 Cestodes of Veterinary Importance 107 xiv 5. Acanthocephalan Parasites and Plant Parasitic Nematodes 111 5.1 Acanthocephalan Parasites 111 5.1.1 Systematic Survey, Diversity and Species Richness 111 5.1.2 Acanthocephalans of Fishes of Wular Lake 113 5.2 Plant-Parasitic Nematodes 118 5.2.1 General Account 118 5.2.2 Systematic Survey and Diversity 121 5.2.3 Affecting Cereals Plants, Forest Range Plantations and Grasses 122 5.2.4 Affecting Brassicas, Cucurbits, Solanaceous and other Vegetable Crop Plants 124 5.2.5 Affecting Fruit (Temperate and Tropical) Plantations 130 5.2.6 Medicinal/Aromatic and Ornamental Plants 135 6. Parasitic Leeches, Crustaceans, Pentastomida Parasites and Parasitic Acari (Ticks and Mites) 151 6.1 Parasitic Leeches: Systematic Survey and Diversity 151 6.2 Medicinal Leech Therapy (MLT) or Hirudo Therapy 152 6.3 Parasitic Crustaceans (Copepods and Branchiurans) 153 6.3 1 Systematic Survey and Diversity of Parasitic Crustacean Genera/Species of Jammu and Kashmir 153 6.4 Parasitic Pentastomida (Linguatula serrata), Lingualulosis, Pentastomiasis 154 6.5 Parasitic Ticks 156 6.5.1 Faunistic Survey 156 6.5.2 Species Diversity and Host Range 157 6.5.3 Ticks of Veterinary and Medical Importance 160 6.6 Parasitic Mites 165 6.6.1 Mites Parasitic on Insects (Grasshopper, Housefly and Bees) 166 6.6.2 Mites Parasitic on Small Mammals, Poultry Birds, Sheep and Humans 167 6.6.3 Mites of Medical Importance 170 7. Parasitic Insects (Fleas, Lice and Bugs) 173 7.1 Fleas 173 7.1.1 Systematic Survey, Diversity and Host Range 173 7.1.2 Fleas of Medical Importance 175 7.1.3 Fleas of Veterinary Importance 176 xv 7.2 Lice (Sucking and Chewing) 178 7.2.1 Systematic Survey, Diversity and Host Range of Louse-Fauna (Sucking and chewing) 179 7.2.2 Lice of Veterinary Importance 180 7.2.3 Lice of Medical Importance 183 7.3 Parasitic Bugs 184 8. Other Parasitic Insects: Mosquitoes and Flies (Diptera) 187 8.1 Mosquitoes 187 8.1.1 Systematic Survey, Diversity and Species Richness 188 8.1.2 Mosquitoes of Medical Importance 188 8.1.3 Systematic Checklist and Distribution of Mosquitoes of Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh 189 8.2 Sandflies 196 8.2.1 Systematic Survey and Species Richness of Sandflies 196 8.2.2 Leishmansiasis (Visceral and Cutaneous) in Jammu and Kashmir 198 8.3 Blackflies 199 8.4 Horseflies, Deerflies and Clegs 200 8.5 Parasitic Muscids 200 8.6 Pupipara Parasites 201 8.7 Parasitic Ceratopogonids (Biting Midges) 202 8.8 Dipterous Flies of MyiasisCausing Importance in Animals and Humans 203 8.8.1 Systematic and Annotated Checklist of Dipterous Flies of MyiasisCausing Importance in Animals and Humans 204 8.8.2 Biodiversity of Flies and Myiasis of Veterinary and Medical Importance 207 8.8.3 Economically Important Myiasis in J&K and Ladakh (UTs) 209 9. Entomophagous Parasitic Insects 213 9.1 Entomophagous Insects (Parasites, Parasitoids) 213 9.2 Dipterans (Pipunculids, Muscids, Sarcophagid, Conopids, Tachinids and Bombyliids) 214 9.3 Hymenopteran Parasites/Parasitoids 215 9.3.1 Aphelinids 215 9.3.2 Aphidiines 216 9.3.3 Braconids, Chalcidids and Figitids 218 9.3.4 Encyrtids, Eulophids and Eupelmids 224 9.3.5 Eurytomids, Ichneumonids and Megaspilid 225 xvi 9.3.6 Mymarids, Pteromalids, Scelionid, Torymids and Trichogrammatids 227 9.4 Entomophagous Parasitic Insects, Host Insects and Plant Species Annotated Checklists 230 9.4.1 Bombyliidae (Bombyloidea: Diptera) 230 9.4.2 Conopidae (Conopoidea : Diptera) 230 9.4.3 Muscidae, Sarcophagidae, Tachinidae (Muscoidea : Diptera) 231 9.4.4 Pipunculidae (Syrphoidea : Diptera) 231 9.4.5 Megaspilidae (Ceraphronoidea : Hymenoptera) 232 9.4.6 Aphelinidae (Chalcidoidea : Hymenoptera) 232 9.4.7 Chalcididae (Chalcidoidea : Hymenoptera) 234 9.4.8 Encyrtidae (Chalcidoidea : Hymenoptera) 235 9.4.9 Eulophidae (Chalcidoidea : Hymenoptera) 236 9.4.10 Eupelmidae (Chalcidoidea : Hymenoptera) 238 9.4.11 Eurytomidae (Chalcidoidea : Hymenoptera) 238 9.4.12 Mymaridae (Chalcidoidea : Hymenoptera) 239 9.4.13 Pteromalidae (Chalcidoidea : Hymenoptera) 239 9.4.14 Torymidae (Chalcidoidea : Hymenoptera) 242 9.4.15 Trichogrammatidae (Chalcidoidea : Hymenoptera) 242 9.4.16 Figitidae (Cynipoidea : Hymenoptera) 242 9.4.17 Braconidae (Ichneumonoidea : Hymenoptera) 243 9.4.18 Ichneumonidae (Ichneumonoidea : Hymenoptera) 252 9.4.19 Scelionidae (Platygastroidea : Hymenoptera) 257 10. A Catalogue of Host-Plant Species, Host-Insect Species and Entomophagous Parasitic Insect Species (Parasites/Parasitoids) of Jammu and Kashmir (UT), Ladakh (UT) 259 References and Bibliography 285 Subject Index 377 About the Author: Prof. (Dr.) Ramesh Chander Bhagat, earlier served as Asstt. Research Officer, Sericulture Research Centre of Kashmir. Thereafter, he joined Deptt. of Zoology, Kashmir University and served at various positions, including Head of the Deptt. He also held the position of Dean, Faculty of Science (multidisciplinary and research) of Kashmir University. Prof. Bhagat has specialized in the fields of entomology, insect parasites, biological control agents and faunal biodiversity. The author of this book possesses more than 30-year of experience in teaching general and applied Zoology, and Entomology, conducting research, guiding research (M.Phil. /Ph.D.) and as Principal Investigator of research Projects (UGC, CSIR). There are more than 185 research and scientific publications to the credit of the author, including 05 reference/ research books on Zoological studies and Biodiversity of Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh Himalayas. He has also received many awards / honours and remained active member of academic / expert committees and of scientific and statutory bodies of the Universities.