The book "Handbook of Forestry Practicals" offers special elements that enable practical understanding for the benefit of forestry students at the undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral levels. This book includes practical exercises that are appropriate for students on important forestry topics like forestry, wildlife, agroforestry, silviculture, forest management, forest ecology, forest protection, soil science, forest policy & legislation, forest mensuration, forest surveying & engineering, world forestry, meteorology, medicinal & aromatic plants, non-wood forest products, forestry education, wood science, international and national institutions/universities, Fellowships, etc. Based on student feedback and extensive academic experience, the book includes more than 200 forestry practicals on various topics. The book's authors have more than 20 years of expertise in forestry research, teaching, and extension. This book has the following features: · Students friendly language · Step-wise methodology · A set of more than 200 practical Table of Contents 1. Forest Mensuration, Mathematical Forestry, Biometry 1.1 Diameter and Girth Measurements 1.2 Tree Height Measurement A. Ocular method B. Shadow method C. Single pole method D. Abney’s level Method 1.3 Determination of Bark Thickness 1.4 Measurement of Tree Form Factor 1.5 Estimation of Tree Volume · Felled tree · Standing tree 1.6 Estimation of Tree Age · Pressler borer · By periodic measurement method 1.7 Determination of Past Growth of Trees · Stump analysis · Stem analysis 1.8 Estimation of Tree Biomass · Destructive method · Non- destructive method 1.9 Calculation of Tree Canopy Area 1.10 Forest Rotation 1.11 Measurement Leaf Area Index 2. Agroforestry, Carbon Forestry 2.1 Characterization and Identification of MPTs 2.3 Evaluation of Crop Growth Parameters in Agroforestry System 2.4 Assessment of the Allelopathic Effect of Trees 2.5 Delineation of Agro-climatic Zones of India 2.6 Estimation of Carbon Stock and Sequestration of Forests · Nebraska method · Volume equation method 2.7 Litter Production and Decomposition (viii) Forestry Practiacls 2.8 Tree Root Spread Evaluation · Coarse root · Fine root 2.9 Measurement of Soil Erosion · Root exposure method · Tree mound method 2.10 Measurement of Stem Flow and Through Fall 2.11 Infiltration Rate of Soil 2.12 Establishment of Nutritional Garden 2.13 Training and Pruning of the Tree 2.14 Wasteland Development 3. Forest protection, Forest Pathology, Forest Entomology 3.1 Serial Dilution Method 3.2 CFU Calculation of Fungal Culture 3.3 Preparation of Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) Media 3.4 Microbial Biomass Carbon 3.5 Examination of Mycorrhizal Fungi in Roots 3.6 Mycorrhizal Spore Extraction 3.7 Efficacy Testing of Fungicides 3.8 Efficacy and Toxicity of the Insecticides 3.9 Prospects of Bio-pesticides in Forestry 3.10 Integrated Weed Management (IWM) 3.11 Integrated Pest Management (IPM) 3.12 Integrated Disease Management (IDM) 3.13 Insecticides and Its Formulations 4. Nursery technology, Silviculture 4.1 Forest Nursery 4.2 Nursery and Plantation Tools 4.3 Plant Containers in Nursery 4.4 Plant Nutrients 4.5 Integrated Plant Nutrient Management (IPNM) 4.6 Diagnosis of Nutrient Deficiencies in Plants 4.7 Nitrogen Fixation 4.8 Plant Response to Deficiency and Toxicity of Nutrients 4.9 Green Manuring 4.10 Nadep Compost 4.11 Vermicompost Contents (ix) 4.12 Preparation of Fertilizer Mixture 4.13 Fertilizer Dose Calculation 4.14 Biofertilizers in Forestry 4.15 Pit Digging for Plantation 4.16 Vegetative Propagation of Plants (a) Stem cutting (b) Air layering (c) Grafting (d) Budding 4.17 Tillage and Tillage Equipment’s 4.18 Clear Felling System 4.19 Identification of Trees by Seed 4.20 Identification of Trees by Leave 4.21 Identification of Trees by Bark 4.22 Observing Tree Pheno-phase 4.23 Layout of Plantation (a) Square method (b) Triangular method (c) Quincunx method (d) Rectangular method (e) Hexagonal method (f) Contour method 4.24 Indigenous Tree Species 4.25 Fast-growing Tree Species 4.26 Exotic Tree Species 4.27 Silvicultural Terminology 5. Environmental Sciences 5.1 Analysis of Calcium in the Water 5.2 Analysis of Hardness in the Water 5.3 Ascorbic Acid in Plant 5.4 Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) in Water 5.5 Dissolved Oxygen in Water 5.6 Analysis of Nitrate in Water 5.7 Relative Water Content (RWC) and Water Saturation Deficit (WSD) in Plants 5.8 Determination of Water Salinity 5.9 Analysis of Silicate Cotent in Water (x) Forestry Practiacls 5.10 Studies of the Micro-environment of Forest and Plantations (a) Measuring Soil and Air and Temperature (b) Soil moisture (c) Light intensity 6. Forest Physiology 6.1 Analysis of Protein in Plant Leaf 6.2 Assessment of Drought Tolerance in Plants 6.3 Buffer Solution 6.4 Cell Structure 6.5 Demonstration of Osmosis 6.6 Determination of Proline Content in Plant 6.7 Estimation of Chlorophyll and Carotenoid in Leaf 6.8 Demonstration of Mitosis Division in Root Tip 6.9 Demonstration of Plasmolysis 6.10 Molarity, Normality, and Other Solutions 6.11 Counting of Stomatal Density in Leaf 6.12 Transpiration 6.13 Water Potential Analysis 7. Wood Science and Technology 7.1 Examination of Microscopic Features of Wood 7.2 Estimation of Specific Gravity of Wood (a) Specific gravity method (b) Wood density method 7.3 Determination of Wood Moisture (a) Moisture meter technique (b) Drying technique 7.4 Testing of Wood Strength 7.5 Measurement of Elasticity and Plasticity in Wood (MOE and MOR) 7.6 Measurement of Wood Toughness and Deflection 7.7 Determination of Moisture Absorption Rate in Wood 7.8 Determination of Swelling and Shrinkage Ability of Wood 7.9 Effectiveness of Wood Peservatives 7.10 Determination of the Combustion Rate of Wood 7.11 Identification of Susceptible Woods to Mold and Fungi 7.12 Plywood 7.11 Understanding the Grades of Plywood Contents (xi) 8. Forest Ecology, Wildlife Management 8.1 Analysis of Forest Vegetation · Density · Frequency · Abundance · IVI · Shannon index · Simpson index · Community similarities · Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Diversity 8.2 Biosphere Reserve 8.3 National Park 8.4 Sanctuary 8.5 Wildlife Census 8.6 Bird Watching 8.7 Wildlife Telemetry 8.8 Pugmark 9. Forest Policy and Legislation 9.1 Forest Policy · Indian forest policy, 1894 · National forest policy, 1952 · National forest policy, 1988 · National Agroforestry Policy, 2014 · Draft national forest policy, 2018 9.2 Forest Act (Law and Regulation) · Indian forest act, 1927 · Forest (conservation) avt,1980 · Wildlife protection act,1972 · The Biological Diversity Act,2002 · Forest conservation act,1980 · The scheduled tribes and other traditional forest Dwellers(Forest Right) act,2006 10. Forest Genetics and Tree improvement 10.1 Plant Growth Hormone 10.2 Hybridization Techniques 10.3 Micropropagation Technique 10.4 Selection of Plus Tree 10.5 Total Soluble Salt (TSS) in Fruit 10.6 Tree Breeding and Improvement methods (xii) Forestry Practiacls 11. Forest Soil 11.1 Soil Sampling 11.2 Soil Profile 11.3 Soil Texture 11.4 Soil Moisture by Gravimetric Method 11.5 Soil Colour by Munsell Soil Colour Chart 11.6 Determine Soil Bulk Density 11.7 Particle Density by Pycnometer Method 11.8 WaterHholding Capacity 11.9 Soil Temperature 11.10 Soil pH 11.11 Soil Electrical Conductivity 11.12 Analysis of Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) 11.13 Determination of Nitrogen in Soil and Plant (a) Available nitrogen (b) Total nitrogen 11.14 Determination of Phosphorus Content in Soil and Plant (a) Available phosphorus (b) Total phosphorus 11.15 Determination of Potash in Soil and Plant 11.16 Measurement of Soil Respiration 12. Forest Surveying and Engineering 12.1 Determination of Pace Value and Distance Between the Given Points 12.2 Chaining Instruments and Accessories 12.3 Ranging and Chaining a Line 12.4 Determine the Area of Boundary 12.5 Compass Surveying and Observation of Bearing 12.6 Plane Table Surveying 12.7 Radiation Method of Plane Table Survey 12.8 Shape and Size Test for Clay Brick 12.9 Water Absorption Test for Brick 12.10 Compressive Strength Test of Brick 12.11 Fineness of Cement 12.12 Specific Gravity of Cement 12.13 Grain Size Distribution of Aggregate 12.14 Understand Road Features and Calculation of Camber and Gradient 12.15 Types of Bridges and Their Features Contents (xiii) 13. Forest Seed technology 13.1 Seed Dormancy and Its Breaking Methods 13.2 Study of Seed Germination and Viability of Forest Species 13.3 Seed Storage Methods and Experiment 13.4 Synthetic Seed 13.5 Seed Dispersal 13.6 Seed Moisture by Oven Drying Method 13.7 Seed Physical Purity 13.8 Seed Certification 13.9 Seed Hardening 13.10 Biochemical Test of Seed 14. Non-Wood Forest Products 14.1 Non Wood Forest Produces (NTFP) 14.2 Resin Extraction 14.3 Extraction of Gum 14.4 Extraction of Essential Oil 15. Forest Meteorology 15.1 Measurement of Atmospheric Temperature 15.2 Measurement of Rainfall 15.3 Measurement of Sunshine/Solar Radiation 15.4 Measurement of Wind Direction 15.5 Measurement of Relative Humidity 15.6 Weather Forecasting and Synoptic Chart 16. World Forestry, Indian Forestry, Forestry Education 16.1 Know the World Forest 16.2 Indian Forest at a Glance 16.3 Types of Forest in India 16.4 Forestry Education 16.5 Forestry As a Career Option 16.6 Internship and Fellowship Programs in Forestry 16.7 Forestry Research Journals 16.8 Organization Structure of MOEFCC 16.9 Know About Laboratory Equipment’s 16.10 Botanical Gardens in India 16.11 Celebration of International Events/ Year 16.12 Celebration of Important Days 16.13 State animals, Birds, Flower and Trees 16.14 Importance Forestry/Environment-Related Fact 16.15 Glossary of Forestry References